Argumentation in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

At the beginning of the story, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck is constantly under the influence of a mother figure. That mother figure makes him feel guilty when he does something wrong, rewards him when he does something right, and also serves as a kind of protector of him. Although Huck does not realize it, he is always being looked after by something or other. At one point it’s the widow, and throughout most of the story it’s the river. In the story, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the river becomes a provider of food, transportation, and refuge, metaphorically taking over the role as his mother when he runs away with Jim. At the beginning of the story, the Widow takes Huck under her wing and tries to teach him right from wrong. She makes him wear nice clothes, go to school, and say his daily prayers. Throughout his stay with the widow, Huck does not respond to the widow’s ways of teaching very well. When the widow asks Huck to do something, he does it, however, begrudgingly. She tries to teach Huck to become a gentleman and treats him as if he were her own son. When Tom Sawyer comes back into the picture, the widow takes on the motherly role of disapproval. She does not like the way Tom acts and makes believe all the time. This is why, rather than asking to see Tom, Huck usually snuck out when she did not know. The widow can not act as Huck’s mother for long though, because Huck is kidnapped by his father and fakes his own death to get away from everybody. After Huck’s â€Å"death,† he escapes to the river where he hides out on an island while his friends and family are searching for his body. During this time the river, without Huck realizing it, kind of takes over the role of mother. It provides protection from the elements when rain hits. It also hides Huck as the steamboat sails past with all his friends and family on board. Huck does not want the people to see him, or they will know he was just faking and will take him back to the life he is not fond of. Knowing this, Huck hides in the bushes and trees that grow along the river. When a mother knows that its child is in danger, she will hide it from the world so that it won’t get hurt. The river shows this motherly trait to Huck. The first thing a mother does for its child when it is a newborn, is to feed it. While Huck is a runaway, he needs food for survival. The river, in a way, provides this when Huck finds a loaf of bread floating down the river. Also later on in the story, Huck and Jim happen upon a house boat where they find many different types of fruit among other things.

How the American Legal System and Business is impacted

1. Introduction This paper seeks to examine the economical effect, if any, upon what the legal system requires of business in America, from a sole proprietor, to a corporation. The paper will also have to look at the costs imposed on operating a business for obtaining a business license, advertising, filing fees paid to the State, and all such costs and within a State, City, and County. 2. Analysis and Discussion The conduct of any business in any part of the world is regulated by the government and therefore business activities are governed by laws locally and on the state level. As to why the government impost cost to conducting business is based on basically two state powers, which are the police power (Lee, 1973) and the power of taxation.   In regulating the business entities and the latter are activities, the government has the best of intentions of promoting public welfare. Hence, under the local level of government, there can be imposed local permits fees and license fees that must be paid by business operators whenever these entities are sole proprietorship, partnership or corporations are to start in operating their business.     Ã‚  Since these fees are being imposes to recover the cost of government in allowing the conduct of business, such power of the state from local to national is being imposed by the exercise of police power of the state by the local level government. Being therefore cost of regulation, the amount of cost is rather fixed and rates may be more or less the same for the group of similar type of business industry. Still pursuant to the police power of the state, the government enforces the laws of business and administers justice where business entities complain of violations of commercial laws. To illustrate the point, business entities enter into contracts and in certain cases it could happen there could refusal to comply with the obligations created out of contracts.   The parties cannot put the law into their hands, thus there must be a court systems that must settle the issues between the parties.   One may therefore clearly see the relevance of the legal system which is part of doing business.   Since legal system entails services rendered by government, it should not be a surprise when government courts require the payment of filing fees as cost of pursuing justice on the part of business entities. But since government does not only interfere from the local level but also at state level, another form of charges are imposed under the state’s power of taxation.   Since the power of taxation (Goode, 1951) involves the revenue generating power of the government, the government may impose several forms of taxes such as income taxes and value added tax. Income tax (Goode; 1976; Smith, et. al, 1958) is a tax based on the financial earning capacity of the business entities, which may include sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Under this kind of taxation, the state is charging taxes on the basis of an assumed obligation of the taxpayer-entities to the state in return for the service given by the state to the business entities in the form of security and protection and other services by reason for its being a government that needs funds to defray its expenses. Another form of taxation which may also be imposed by the local levels of government if provided in their city charters, are the business taxation. This may take the form of sales tax or the more familiar business taxes. As distinguish from income taxation, business taxation, charges the taxpayer for having been given the privilege of operating a business. Such kind of taxes is normally based on the amount of gross receipts, or sales revenues as basis for output tax but subject to certain deductions for claims like input taxes to reduce the taxes payable to the government. Surely the effect of these charges economically could just be huge that could affect the operation of doing business. Since business entities operate under the idea of being profitable to be able to recover cost expended in business, the amount of taxes, charges and licenses should not be too prohibitive as to discourage business from doing business. This might be apparent for business taxes in the form of excise tax (Fossen, 2002) on cigarettes and wines or the so called ‘sin taxes’. This kind of taxes are also in the nature of excise taxes and therefore part of the business taxes like the sales tax or value added tax. It may be observed that the higher amount of taxes imposed on certain taxes like ‘sin taxes’ manifests the intention of the government to control the consumption of said good because these products may not be essentially be good to people because of health effects. To illustrate the point, the government prohibiting smoking in public place may have already prohibited TV advertising of the industry’ products because of the effect of the industry on public health only that the government cannot completely ban the sale of these products. Hence, being tied with its hands to limit production without violating the laws of commerce, the government resort to higher taxes to discourage consumption. 3. Conclusion It may be concluded that there are indeed effects of the legal system on how the business entities operates in a certain place.   To such the extent of these economic effects must be viewed in the context of the objective of governments in terms of its paramount purpose of encouraging entrepreneurship while ensuring compliance with laws that are conducive to protecting the life, health, employment and other need of its people. Since business entities could not be avoiding this government interference on business operations, they may just as well comply since these laws are also meant to protect them. Without regulation there could be chaos in society as privileges to operate business could be subject to abuse. Imposing charges to regulate is therefore justified in the exercise of the police power of the state. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that governments also need to defray its expenses and the means to the attain the same is to impose several kind of taxes from business entities and individuals.   When viewed on a wider concept, business entities also need the government in terms of regulation and protection of its interest. Without the government administering the laws on commerce, business entities would be in dangerous situation since they would be operating as if they are playing basket ball without a referee who will tell them who is wrong and who is right in case one of the teams abuses its rights. If therefore the are no government to charge regulation cost and taxes, the law will just be useless because there would be no agent to implement the same. Hence, business entities are to accept the reality of these charges and taxes and factor them in computing profits. References: Fossen   (2002) Norfolk Island and Its Tax Haven; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002 Goode (1951) The Corporation Income Tax; Wiley Goode (1976) The Individual Income Tax; Brookings Institution Lee   (1973) A History of Regulatory Taxation; University Press of Kentucky, 1973 Smith, et. al (1958) Income Tax Differentials; Tax Institute of America

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current jury system Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current jury system in the UK - Essay Example D submitted copies of these documents to an MP from the opposition camp so that the issue could be raised in parliament. D was charged in accordance with the Official Secrets Act. Despite the clear knowledge that D’s actions amounted to an offense, he was acquitted by the jury1. The case above presents convincing evidence that the jury system acts as a counter balance to politically motivated and other improper prosecutions. Although they do not reveal their reasons for acquitting or convicting, juries provide certainty of their actions and this increases public confidence. Juries can also act on their conscience in addition to relying on evidence. This has the advantage of delivering justice even where confident witnesses present biased evidence. Despite these advantages, the jury system as applied in the UK has several disadvantages. First, the jury system increases the costs incurred by courts. The group of jurors handling the case must be paid as well as the pool of jurors from which the jury has been selected. In addition, other court personnel are employed for the purposes of ministering to the jury during all stages of the case. Furthermore, the making of a verdict by one judge alone costs about  £1,000 per day while a jury’s verdict costs about  £7,400 per day, which is significantly more expensive. There is evidence of perverse verdicts in the UK jury system. This is where juries make decisions that are outright against the law. One case in point in relation to this is R v Owen. In this case, it was established that D fired a sawn off a gun at T because T had killed his son through careless driving. T had been sentenced to serve a term of 12 months. D felt this was not enough, the reason for his action. D was tried for intentional malicious wounding and attempted murder. However, he was acquitted by Maidstone

United States Court of Appeals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

United States Court of Appeals - Research Paper Example Plaintiff - Appellee supported its charge against Defendant Picker on the fact that while Defendant was metal hunting on some private property adjoining the Park while he visited Gettysburg National Military Park. Defendant then found a rare bowie knife worth about $2000.00, on the said private property. The Park Ranger, Hancock who was made a witness for the Government, claimed that he warned Defendant that metal hunting on national park land was forbidden and a criminal act, and should not trespass on the property. The Park Ranger also maintained that he showed the boundary line to the Defendant. The Park Ranger also asserted that he kept a close watch on Picket by being 50 yards behind him, and found Defendant to have inadvertently crossed the property line into the park. The Park Ranger then arrested Defendant on the basis of his claim that he crossed the boundary that was marked, despite the fact that the signs were not readily visible as the signs were only 8 inches by 12 inche s and placed every 150 yards apart, and markings placed under heavily wooded a heavily wooded area that affected the mark’s visibility.

Interpret Research on Decomposition Analysis Paper

Interpret on Decomposition Analysis - Research Paper Example The relationship between return on assets and return on equity is that return of assets shows how profitable a company is before they consider giving advantage to investments, hence two thirds of the DuPont equation of measuring return of quality is comprised up of return on assets. (Peppers, 2005, pp 124) Net Income ROA = Value of assets Return on assets and return on help in calculating the rate of growth of a company. The value of return on assets helps in calculating the internal growth rate of a company. Internal growth rate is the maximum rate of growth that a company can achieve without getting help from external financing. It therefore tells how independent a company is. The value of the return on equity helps in determining the sustainable growth rate of a company; this is the maximum attainable income of a company with the inclusion of assets and investments. This gives the potential of the company with the exploitation of all avenues of income generation. Capital intensity is the current status of funds available in the company with the consideration of other factors in the company such as labor and other forms of production. Companies that use heavy machinery and have many laborers do work that is more effective; hence, an increase in the capital intensity increases the labor productivity. Companies that use so much initial investment always get lower return on assets than those, which use less initial investment funds; however, increased productivity makes the company have a greater growth rate. Quantitatively, capital intensity is the ratio of total value of capital equipment to the total potential output of the company. (Masterman, 2007, pp 47). The world’s leading car-manufacturing company, Toyota, use the JIT production method. The JIT production method involves, the processes of waste elimination participative culture of work, and, continuous improvement of quality of production hence by using this system, Toyota reduce the need for raw materials, this in many ways increase the returns on quality of the company because less money is used in the production expenses of the company. This also minimizes wastes hence more economical in that the company does not spend on ways of ways of waste disposal. The Kanban system is the control unit of the JIT it implements everything that happens in the system. This helps in making sure that there are no any early or late productions in the company. The efficient method of production that Toyota uses makes it the largest vehicle producing company in the world. Though there has been a falling trend in the sales of the vehicles, this is mainly due to external causes in the market, the sales mainly fell in the country, and the drop in production was by 11.7%. Outside Japan, the sales improved and went up by 6.2%. The policy of minimum wastage and efficient production ensures that the production and sales remain high. The return on quality remains high (Tracey, 2008, pp 54). Honda i s a Japan based motor p[production company. recently Honda made their all time biggest production quantity of all time. Hondas strategy of production and marketing is different from that of Toyota, while Toyota mainly majors in the production of motor vehicles, Honda, on the other side has a diversity of products from vehicles to motorbikes, they even produce robots, in fact, Honda produced the only human robot that can walk up and down a

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and Essay

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and it's wider context - Essay Example It takes a lot of effort to divine some of these social dealings by the use of numismatics. Besides archaeologists and academicians, other groups of people are also very interested in studying these coin finds in ancient Roman sites such as social scientists, numismatists, and economists who try to impute social contexts using these Roman coins as guides for their study. However, it is often the case where there is no standard way of how to properly and scientifically catalogue these finds and moreover, and also no set standard for their coinage analysis. Be that as it may, it is still possible to know how the people in a Roman villa had lived and in relation to the surrounding communities through the study of these archaeological coins. It just takes some time and lengthy effort for archaeologists and others interested in these sites to come up with their findings and conclusions based on a careful consideration of all the artifacts in an excavation site but admittedly, there are no set standards for doing this but rather only some set patterns which may be useful to make any comparable analyses with other similar sites. This paper examines and discusses how the coin assemblage can give some useful and pertinent ideas of the wider social context in which these people lived in relation with their neighbors. A case in point of how Roman coins determined the wider context of social living in an area surrounding an ancient Roman villa is the fairly recent excavations at the San Felice Villa, which is located in the Basentello River Valley of Italy that separated the ancient vicus (Roman word for neighborhood) of Apulia from Lucania. This site is a rich archaeological dig in terms of the old architectural remains (buildings and houses), artefactual assemblage, and environmental evidence within the site itself. Preliminary evidence suggests it was a part of a larger estate; it was important in fostering local and regional connections for the villa’s

TD 4- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development Essay

TD 4- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development - Essay Example Following the amount of factual data and interpersonal skills needed, the blended learning method is the most suitable as each of the individual methods used contribute to more quality delivery of training and development. Since lengthy sessions are involved in delivering facts and developing skills, the rationale of choosing the blended learning method is to ensure that different learning levels are adapted as various departments within Wal-Mart require different levels of competency from different ranks of employees(United States Department of Labor, 2010), Guthrie, A. (2014). Wal-Mart International Head Sees Difficult Operating Environment. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed online on January 19, 2015 from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303426304579403663162388876 United States Department of Labor. (2010). Best Practices for the Development, Delivery, and Evaluation of Susan Harwood Training Grants. Accessed online on January 19, 2015 from

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reaction paper - Assignment Example Social Media has relevance not only for regular internet users, but business as well (Riley, n. d). In the 21st century, social media has become a fast evolving tool of education, social connection, and job procurement. As such, the young and old alike must learn to use social media responsibly. This is ascribed to the fact that social media when used properly can ensure a better future for an individual; however, its misuse can spell academic, professional, and financial disaster. Therefore, this paper aims to present the arguments of academic experts on the significance of responsible use of social media accounts. Several academic experts assert that proper use of social media can help to strengthen the chances of a college student into getting into his preferred college. It will also help the student achieve a type of social life while in college that will help enhance their college learning and living experience. Social media has helped colleges and universities make the college experience more interesting and exciting for their potential and current students through the students responsible use of social media. According to researchers such as Mark Connolly of WCER, students have tightly packed academic schedules throughout the semester. However, that it not to say that the schools do not give the students some time off between classes by hosting social mixers and the like. Due to the sheer volume of students on campus, it is almost impossible to get the information out to all of them. This is where social media steps in as an excellent social connecting tool for students. He explains that social media helps to create enduring relationships between the students by facilitating the social connection of peers. He offers an example of this benefit as: Connecting fellow dorm students through Facebook can help a student overcome the kind of isolation that otherwise might lead

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, Essay

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, 'using the knowledge of good ends to decide appropriate - Essay Example This paper provides a brief philosophical view of education to identify the good ends that mentors should aim for in their teaching education program. Guided by traditional and modern philosophy of education and the insights offered by the current literature in the field, the present paper hopes to contribute to the proposal of identifying good ends to decide appropriate means for training 21st century teachers. Identifying the ‘good ends’ ‘Good ends,’ in the teaching field are the ideal characteristics student teachers should possess in order to prepare them for the challenges in the field. Good ends would serve as guide to help mentors determine the process that student teachers should undergo during education. To identify these qualities, we take light from the wisdom of the great philosopher, Aristotle. In addition, we dig upon the current literature to reveal further insights on the qualities of an effective teacher. Coulter and Wiens (2002) explored Ar istotle’s view of phronesis and related it to the desirable qualities of a teacher. According to the authors, the term phronesis may mean the same as practical wisdom or practical judgment. By practical wisdom, Coulter and Wiens (2002) mean the possession of knowledge and the ability to apply knowledge in actual terms. In their discussion of phronesis, Coulter and Wiens consider the arguments made by Hannah Arendt, a Jew philosopher who distinguishes between good thinking and making good decisions. Coulter and Wiens point out that there are teachers who possess knowledge yet are unable to transform their ideas into concrete actions, in other words, they are unable to attain phronesis as they stop in merely possessing knowledge. A review of current literature on the qualities of an effective teacher confirms the importance of knowledge or subject matter expertise as one ideal teacher quality (McNamara and Webb, 2008; Auger and Wilderman, 2000; Chickering and Gamson, 1991). How ever, the said sources do not reflect qualities relating to the concept of phronesis, thus confirming the lack of realisation of the difference between the possession of knowledge and its application. Coulter and Wiens (2002) articulate Arendt’s argument that to possess phronesis, teachers should be ‘judging spectators’ and ‘judging actors’ at the same time. Judging spectators are able to think and reflect on what is happening around them. They possess an understanding of occurrences, and are able to interpret these occurrences on their own. Following this, future teachers should be trained to make good judgments. This is possible if teachers will be allowed to think and decide for themselves. Krishnaveni and Anitha (2007: 28) identify the exercise of autonomy and proper decision making as a form of teacher empowerment. Thus, to promote the attitude of judging spectators, mentors should provide opportunities for student teachers to make their own dec isions whether in terms of instruction, classroom management, and assessment. Moreover, teachers who are judging spectators are able to deal with ‘plurality’or the ability to coexist with others, even those from other cultures.

Hassans Story Essay Example for Free

Hassans Story Essay

Introduction To Footwear Industry Marketing Essay

Introduction To Footwear Industry Marketing Essay Footwear is a human made outer covering of foot. When the human beings came into existence, they were required to protect themselves from, cold dampness, dust, heat, and roughness of ground while standing, walking or even running. So they originate shoes for the protection of their feet. It is conventionally made out of leather  but the aforesaid can be made with synthetic material. The importance of footwear is highly realised in western and other countries, so the footwear industry developed in full motion that originated companies like Nike, Adidas, Puma, Reebok etc. In recent years, there has been a temperament for the footwear sector in the developing world to become successful in exporting to industrially advanced countries. Local markets in developing countries for domestically produced footwear have also grown. These latest trends have resulted in the entrenchment of relatively large scale and capital intensive plants. Domestic enterprises with less access to technical information have thus tended to adopt manufacturing methods similar to those in turn-key factories, at the expense of technologies more suitable to local conditions, especially at low scales of production. In western countries especially in Europe, the footwear industry has declined in the last few years. While in 2005, there were about 27.000 firms engaged in footwear industry; in 2008 there were only 24.000. Along with the number of firms, the direct employment has also decreased. The only factors that remained almost steady were production value and the value added at facto r cost. In the United States, the annual shoe industry revenue recorded in 2012 was $48 billion. There are around 29.000 shoe stores in the United States and the footwear industry employs about 189.000 people. Due to increasing imports, these figures are also declining. The only way of staying alive in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets. 200px-Logo_NIKE.svg.png Nike, Inc. ORIGIN Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bower man in January 1964. They and the people they hired evolved and grew the company that became Nike from a U.S.-based footwear distributor to a global marketer of athletic footwear, apparel and equipment that is unrivalled in the world. KEY FACTS Headquarters: Washington County, Oregon, United States Founded: 1964 (as Blue Ribbon Sports) 1978 (as Nike, Inc.) Employees: 38000(May 2011) Website: www.nike.com SLOGAN Just Do It. The famous Nike slogan came from a rather unknown source revel killer Gary Gilmore, who received the death penalty for killing two people in Utah, United States in July, 1976. He was asked if he had any last words. Lets do it, he said. When Dan Wieden was asked to create a tagline for Nike, suddenly Gilmores words just seemed to fit. Lets was changed to Just to add a dash of intensity. MILESTONES In 1970 they introduced first line of footwear with a waffle sole and named it Moon Shoe and it was a big hit. At that time Nikes market share and sales increased dramatically. During this period for the first time they sponsored Italian football team. Adidas-blue.png ADIDAS Inc. ORIGIN Adidas Inc. is a German manufacturer, a marketer of athletic shoes and sports apparel. Adidas was founded in 1948 and was named after its founder, Adolf (Adi) Dassler. His aim was to provide athletes with the best possible sports gear and equipment. For over eight decades the Adidas Group has been part of sports on every level, providing state of the art sports: apparel, footwear and accessories. Today, the Adidas Group is an international leader in the sporting goods business and offers an outspread portfolio of sporting goods. KEY FACTS Headquarters: Herzogenaurach, Germany Founded: 1924 as Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik (registered in 1949 as Adidas) Employees: 42540(Dec 2010) Website: www.adidas-group.com SLOGAN Impossible is Nothing, represents the attitude that the company has been trying to inculcate in its customers. Through this slogan the customers are constantly reminded of that anyone can achieve the impossible, taking into account the products of Adidas. The slogan brings out endurance and hope for the customers that Adidas brings out best for the athletes. MILESTONES PUMA.jpg PUMA Se ORIGIN Puma is a major German Multinational Company that produces high end athletic shoes. The Company is known for its football shoes and accessories and has sponsored acclaimed footballers. The Company was formed in 1924 as Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik by Rudolf Dassler and Adolf. In 1948, Rudolf Dassler formed his own shoes company called PUMA Schuhfabrik Rudolf Dassler. KEY FACTS Headquarters: Herzogenaurach, Germany Founded: 1924 as Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik (registered in 1948) Employees: 9310(Dec 2010) Website: www.puma.com LOGO The Puma logo has an image of a leaping Puma, an animal otherwise called a cougar, a panther or a mountain lion. Active both day and night, it is a powerful beast and an expert hunter that can jump to maximum of 20 feet high in a single bounce. By incorporating the creature in the Puma logo, the company has summarized the complete meaning of its product into a powerful identity. The Puma logo itself characterises the brands reliability and its product. MILESTONES Soon after the company is founded, Rudolf Dassler successfully made a football boot with screw-in studs, in association with experts, such as Sepp Herberger. The successful launch of the SUPER ATOM, the worlds first ever screw-in boot, which Dassler launches in 1952. original-reebok-logo.gif REEBOK ORIGIN Reebok is a United Kingdom based ancestor company which was founded to provide athletes with a shoe which could assist in running fast. So, in the 1890s, Joseph William Foster innovated shoes with spikes in them. By 1895, he was in business making shoes; and before long his developing company, J.W. Foster and Sons created an international clientele of different athletes. The family owned business majestically made the running shoes worn in the 1924 Summer Games by the athletes celebrated in the film Chariots of Fire.It is a subsidiary of Adidas since 2005. KEY FACTS Headquarters: Canton, Massachusetts, US Founded: 1895 (as J.W. Foster and Sons) in England, United Kingdom Parent Company: Adidas Website: www.reebok.com LOGO The original Reebok logo depicts the Union Jack, depicting the companys bashful beginnings in Bolton, England in 1895.But in order to link the brand with youth market they brought a new logo i.e., RBK in 2001. Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the success in 2008, Reebok brought back its original brand identity from RBK to Reebok. MILESTONES In 1982, Reebok introduced the first athletic shoe designed especially for women; a shoe for a hot new fitness exercise called aerobic dance. In 2004, Reebok became the worlds leading producer of hockey apparel and equipment with its acquisition of The Hockey Company. MARKET SHARE The graphs showcase the market share of top Companies in the market and also the growth trends over the past few years. This firms fight for market share through non price competition ,on strategies such as strengthening brand image and product proliferation. It is crucial to note that Adidas acquired Reebok in 2005, despite the brands have kept their corresponding names. The merger is an endeavour by Adidas to gain a concrete footing in the United States and to challenge market leader Nike. However, if you conjoin sales volume of both the brands they combine for less than Nikes total.  Also very interesting is the Others grouping that accounts for 40% market share.

Woman at work :: essays papers

Woman at work Women at Work In colonial America, women who earned their own living usually became seamstresses or kept boardinghouses. But some women worked in professions and jobs available mostly to men. There were women doctors, lawyers, preachers, teachers, writers, and singers. By the early 19th century, however, acceptable occupations for working women were limited to factory labor or domestic work. Women were excluded from the professions, except for writing and teaching. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women. Prior to the 1800s there were almost no medical schools, and virtually any enterprising person could practice medicine. Indeed, obstetrics was the domain of women. Beginning in the 19th century, the required educational preparation, particularly for the practice of medicine, increased. This tended to prevent many young women, who married early and bore many children, from entering professional careers. Although home nursing was considered a proper female occupation, nursing in hospitals was done almost exclusively by men. Specific discrimination against women also began to appear. For example, the American Medical Association, founded in 1846, barred women from membership. Barred also from attending "men's" medical colleges, women enrolled in their own for instance, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was established in 1850. By the 1910s, however, women were attending many leading medical schools, and in 1915 the American Medical Association began to admit women members. In 1890, women constituted about 5 percent of the total doctors in the United States. During the 1980s the proportion was about 17 percent. At the same time the percentage of women doctors was about 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, however, about 32 percent of the total number of doctors and dentists were women. Women also had not greatly improved their status in other professions. In 1930 about 2 percent of all American lawyers and judges were women in 1989, about 22 percent. In 1930 there were almost no women engineers in the United States. In 1989 the proportion of women engineers was only 7.5 percent. In contrast, the teaching profession was a large field of employment for women. In the late 1980s more than twice as many women as men taught in elementary and high schools. In higher education, however, women held only about one third of the teaching positions, concentrated in such fields as education, social service, home economics, nursing, and library science. Woman at work :: essays papers Woman at work Women at Work In colonial America, women who earned their own living usually became seamstresses or kept boardinghouses. But some women worked in professions and jobs available mostly to men. There were women doctors, lawyers, preachers, teachers, writers, and singers. By the early 19th century, however, acceptable occupations for working women were limited to factory labor or domestic work. Women were excluded from the professions, except for writing and teaching. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women. Prior to the 1800s there were almost no medical schools, and virtually any enterprising person could practice medicine. Indeed, obstetrics was the domain of women. Beginning in the 19th century, the required educational preparation, particularly for the practice of medicine, increased. This tended to prevent many young women, who married early and bore many children, from entering professional careers. Although home nursing was considered a proper female occupation, nursing in hospitals was done almost exclusively by men. Specific discrimination against women also began to appear. For example, the American Medical Association, founded in 1846, barred women from membership. Barred also from attending "men's" medical colleges, women enrolled in their own for instance, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was established in 1850. By the 1910s, however, women were attending many leading medical schools, and in 1915 the American Medical Association began to admit women members. In 1890, women constituted about 5 percent of the total doctors in the United States. During the 1980s the proportion was about 17 percent. At the same time the percentage of women doctors was about 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, however, about 32 percent of the total number of doctors and dentists were women. Women also had not greatly improved their status in other professions. In 1930 about 2 percent of all American lawyers and judges were women in 1989, about 22 percent. In 1930 there were almost no women engineers in the United States. In 1989 the proportion of women engineers was only 7.5 percent. In contrast, the teaching profession was a large field of employment for women. In the late 1980s more than twice as many women as men taught in elementary and high schools. In higher education, however, women held only about one third of the teaching positions, concentrated in such fields as education, social service, home economics, nursing, and library science.

The Sistine Madonna in the Royal Gallery at Dresden, Saxony Essay

The Sistine Madonna in the Royal Gallery at Dresden, Saxony The most beautiful picture in the world is the Sistine Madonna in the Royal Gallery at Dresden, Saxony. It was painted by Raphael as an altar-piece for a church in Piacenza, Italy. In a far corner of the great Palace of Art it is now placed, probably to remain until the colors shall fade. It is the only picture in the room. The figures are of life size. When that room is entered all voices are hushed, and all merriment silenced. The place is as holy as a church. In the centre of the canvas is the Virgin Mother with a young, almost girlish face or surpassing loveliness. In her eyes affection and wonder are blended, and the features and the figure are the most spiritual and beautiful in the world's art. I have wondered where Raphael found that face. It is not voluptuous like the Italian, nor heavy like the German, nor light like the French, nor cold like the women of more northern nations. It is the ideal woman's face for all nations and ages, and yet it is typical of none. In the Mother's arms is the Divine Child, with those strange, far-away-looking eyes that casual visitors so little understand—eyes that even in babyhood seem reading the future, and beginning to see the greatness of the world's sorrow. Kneeling on one side, below them, is St. Sixtus, the nearest perfect of all pictures of strong and venerable age that was ever painted; on the other side Santa Barbara, only less beautif...

Analysing Willfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est. Essay -- English Liter

Analysing Willfred Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est. ‘Dulce ET Decorum Est’ is an anti-war poem, which emphasizes the intensity of war. The meaning of the ironic title roughly translated into ‘it is good and honourable’ but is not fully established until you examine the poem. The full title ‘Dulce ET Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori’ means ‘it is good and honourable to die for your country’. However the main aspect of this poem is paradoxical to its title. This demonstrates the message Wilfred Owen’s is insinuating and his attitude towards war. The poem is regarding Wilfred Owen and his troop of exhausted soldiers making their way back to base after combat at the front line until a gas shell is fired at them. A soldier is fatally gassed, is put in an ambulance dying slowly and then eaten away from the inside. Owen describes a man being engulfed by gas, â€Å"Dim through the misty panes and thick green light, Under a green sea I saw him drowning.† The death and distress is shown and the harsh actuality of war uncovered. It is almost as though you are reliving the agony the man is suffering. The reader is nowhere near as unfortunate as Wilfred. He was repeatedly tortured by his experiences even after having to encounter them. â€Å"In all my dreams before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.† It is an inescapable memory that haunts him even when he attempts to sleep, on constant replay in his treacherous mind. His feeling of helplessness from that moment were captured and frozen, regret for not helping covered with hope, the possibility that he was unable to do anything useful anyway. A sense of regret, disbelief and anger are reused in other anti-war poems that Wilfred Owen ha... ... aid the pain once and still endured. Owen has created a way that transports the reader back to the scene of the poem. Using the effectiveness of the senses. He describes the sounds, the smells and the sights around to give the feeling that you witnessing the happenings expressed. My final contemplations to conclude this analysis are not in despair but queries, whether it is rhetorical or not I am not completely sure. The thing that concerns me is how the government send men off to fight war when under the misapprehension that they are fighting for their country? Do they have no conscious, no guilt in sending the doomed youth off to their inevitable deaths? The decisions they make obviously have repercussions as do all decisions, but to knowingly condemn so many innocent people to physical and mental torture then death, to me is worse murder, is it not?

“Girl” Jamaica Kincaid Essay

The short story of â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is about a mother and her relationship with her daughter. It is a harsh one sided conversation between the narrator and her mother, with the mother doing all the talking. The story gives a rich description of what her mother expects from her in all aspects of her life, from chores, to how she plays, to what she sings in church. From each line you see the viewpoint of how her mother sees the world, what is proper in her eyes and her expectations for her daughter. Throughout the story the symbolism gives deeper meaner to every verse and shows deeper insight to their realsonship. One of the first symbols is in the first line is the color white. The use of the color white is foreshadowing the tone for the whole short story. White represents pure, virgin, and clean. The mother is reprimanding her child for the way she walks â€Å"on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you so bent on becoming† (380). The narrator’s mother already has concerns of her daughter becoming sexually promiscuous and tarnishing her reputation. The mother’s tone is harsh throughout the whole short story. She is demanding her daughter does these things as she dictates. This is not a sweet moment between a mother and her daughter. The conversation is laced with insults and fears. The mother also warns her daughter about eating on the street â€Å"don’t eat fruit on the street-flies will follow you† (380). Flies are seen as bottom feeders, dirty and irritating and when flies are surrounding an animal it is seen as filthy. She is telling he r daughter that she will be seen as dirty if her fruits are out for everyone to see. This has to do with being covered and not letting everyone stare at you. This supports her idea that her daughter will become promiscuous and not respectable. Another symbol example is the importance on clothing. The mother cautions â€Å"when buying cotton to make yourself a nice blouse, be sure that it doesn’t have gum on it, because that way it won’t hold up after a wash† (380). The mother’s emphasis on clothing highlights her view of how  you dress is a reflection of you as a person. Its gives insight to your character and personality that you take pride in how you look. Clothing is used cover your body, when you are covered you are seen as respectable in her community. In the conversation â€Å"this is how to hem a dress when you see the hem coming and so to prevent yourself from looking like the slut I know you are so bent on becoming† (380) This is the second time that her mother accuses her of turning in a slut. The hemming of the dress is no longer a lesson in how to sew, but the act itself has tuned into being seen as respectable and that reinforces her mother’s view. In addition, â€Å"Benna† is also a symbol in the text. The word benna is one of the cultural symbols she uses. It gives insight to where the story is taking place. It also gives the reader the first response to her mother who has been talking the whole time. â€Å"I don’t sing benna on Sundays at all and never in Sunday School† (Kincaid 380). Why did the narrator feel compelled to finally speak up for herself in this moment? What did her mother mean by accusing her of this that the narrator feel she had to defend herself? From this short sentence the reader can assume that something that has changed culturally. If the daughter is implying that singing Calypso music is frowned upon and considered taboo that means singing it i n Sunday school would be a grave disrespect. The other aspect of the sentence is the use of Sunday school, the introduction of Christianity has added to the mother’s fears of her daughter being respectable. The mother is also going through changes culturally and that has influence her concerns for her daughter. Another example of cultural symbolism is the â€Å"this how you set a table for tea† (381). This line in the story shows a reference to Britain through tea. The reader can accept that what has been going on culturally is in reference to Britain. There are foreigners in her country who could be judging the country as they interact with the natives. Her constant fear of her daughter becoming a slut is stemming from what the mother now views as proper behavior. They are many symbols that come from food. The use of food in this short story has a small number of layers. There is the superficial layer that acts as a cultural symbol in her use of her native dishes in the text. It also adds depth to the short story and shows the reader where the narrator and her mother are living â€Å"this is how to make bread pudding, this is how to make doukona, this is how to make pepper potà ¢â‚¬  (381). The reader  has only seen the mother in the fierce, menacing tone. Upon further analysis of the symbolism, it shows that her mother doesn’t want her to forget her cultural heritage among all the changes going on currently in her life with Sunday school and the British being in her country. She wants her daughter to learn how to cook these native dishes as a way of passing down her legacy. Another layer is the mother finds cooking to being part of being a respectable women. Cooking is something the mother puts value on. She believes that a woman who can cook is valuable to their society. Over the course of the text she come back to instructing on how to cook. The reader is also able to see it in the beginning, middle and end of the short story. It is not just being able to make these dishes, but the whole act itself â€Å"cook pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil† (380). The mother believes that cooking strengths the bond her daughter will have with her family and with the community. The last symbol in food is the when the mother tell her how to she is to squeeze the bread â€Å"always squeeze bread to make sure it’s fresh; but what if the baker won’t let me feel the bread?; you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won’t let near the bread† (381) This goes back to the overall theme of the entire story. Her mother wants her be the kind of lady that the baker lets squeeze the bread. The word squeeze is suggestive in a way that the mother doesn’t want her daughter to allow anyone to â€Å"squeeze† her. It also reinforces that her daughter should not become a slut or she will be not be a functioning member of society. Sluts and wharf-rat boys are not part of their society; her mother warns â€Å"you mustn’t speak to wharf-rat boys† (380). They are outcast, if she becomes a slut the baker will not allow her to touch the bread and she will be an outcast like the wharf-rat boys. The final symbol is housework; the importance of it is seen throughout the short story. The narrator’s mother makes many references toward housework, â€Å"Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry† (380). She sees housework as a way of keeping busy so her daughter doesn’t become promiscuous. It also establishes her role as women taking care of her house. In their culture this seen a respectable and earns them respect from their community. This short story looks like a simple stern lecture from a mother to daughter. When you look at each sentence in-depth, you see mother has  fears that are based not in anger but in reality due to all the changes going on in their culture. These fears are expressed sometimes harshly by calling daughter a slut, and her tone throughout the story. At the end it is just a mother being concerned with her daughter and wanting the best life possible for. The symbolism gives more insight than what the reader can read just on the surface. It shows a whole different character for the mother and sheds light as to why the mother has these expectations and fears. What people fear shapes them and their relationships Works Cited Kincaid, Jamica. Literature A Portable Anthology. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Bedford St Martins, 2013.

Presentation of John Proctor Essay

Arthur Miller’s presentation of John Proctor’s ‘moral journey’.  It is mentioned in the Old Testament (Exodus 22:18), â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.† It was on the authority of this one sentence in the Bible that 19 witches were hanged in Salem in 1692.  To Arthur Miller, the McCarthy Hearings bore an alarming resemblance to the trials in Salem in 1692. The Crucible was his way of trying to keep history from repeating itself. McCarthy claimed America was in great danger from a Communist conspiracy to take over the world, and the people of Salem had similar views on Witchcraft. No one missed the parallels between 1692 Salem and 1953 America. But, many said, â€Å"Witches never did exist, then or now. Communists are real.† Some critics complained that the play was too cold and intellectual. Others said it wasn’t a play at all, but some kind of outburst, a political speech.  Moral- of or relating to character and human behaviour, particularly as regards to right and wrong.  Journey- a travelling or going from one place to another. Everybody, including John Proctor, has morals. They are an essential distinction of character. Everybody’s morals will differ, as it is your individual opinion of right and wrong. As a child you are taught right and wrong by your parents and at this moment you embark on your moral journey. Throughout life certain events will change the way you think; your opinion on certain matters, and inevitably, your morals. This evolution of character is not however a strictly long-term process that takes years of unforgettable proceedings and experiences to alter. Single events and circumstances can see your morals change instantaneously and it is consequently interesting to see how this applies to John Proctor and to scrutinise on how his morals change and develop in the midst of the bizarre course of events. Arthur Miller creates a very theocratic and puritan society when portraying Salem. The society and community of Salem orientates entirely around the church. The community has very strict religious views and ethics, and does not believe in any other way or possible system. The people of Salem are restrained by religious laws imposed by strict traditionalistic leaders who, through the church have been given power and control over the society and enforce it through hellfire teachings and the prevailing threat that God is watching them. No one dares to say an ungodly word against the church or speak their own mind and this creates a very tense and uneasy ambience where everybody fears for themselves to be corrupted in their own mind and commit and incriminating thought, though they know only to well that the realms of their mind are just about the only place of safe freedom of opinion. Though the majority of the people of Salem are content and tolerant with their situation a silent minority are not. These people however, would never stand up and declare their true beliefs and intent for fear of being hung. It appears that something has to give in this unsustainable situation and a single spark or event could set of a devastating mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e of carnage and mayhem.  John Proctor is the main character in the play of The Crucible. At the outset of the play, he does not appear to be a central character, but as the story develops, one can see that the importance of his existence and the reason behind his presence are soon made known.  John Proctor is a farmer in his middle thirties. He is not a man of any real authority or weight but Proctor need not be and is none the less respected and even feared in Salem. Even-tempered and not easily led he has a sharp and biting way with hypocrites. He cannot refuse support to partisans without drawing their deepest resentment. In Proctor’s presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly and Proctor was always marked for calumny therefore. However, the steady manner he displays is an inimitable front to hide his troubled soul. Proctor is a sinner, not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. He is god at containing and suppressing this and the man carries a distinct quiet confidence and an unexpressed hidden force. Deep inside his own mind however he is afraid, afraid of dying without confessing his sins and that his wife will not forgive him for his sins. Proctor is confused and a closer look shows that what he really desires is not his wife’s forgiveness but his own acceptance and consequential self-forgiveness of the sins that he is only too aware of.  Proctor is a man of strong opinion; he has many morals and views, and is not afraid to speak out against a cause he disagrees with. One such cause is the church and the authority of the reverend Paris, Proctor is quite blunt in expressing his disapproval and at one-point states, while in front of Paris, â€Å"I like not the smell of this authority†. For a man like Proctor the situation in this society is far from idyllic. His morals are undistinguished, and he is aware of the mental confusion and repression being created.  Miller uses a number of devices within his play-script to present the character of John Proctor. Using Proctor himself Miller portrays his character by using Proctor’s speech, fears and how he behaves. Other characters in the play also help to define the farmer’s character, by their speech, thoughts and behaviour which all change as the play progresses. Miller deliberately puts Proctor in scenes and situations that will cause discomfort and uneasiness for the farmer, like the courtroom scenes in act three where Elizabeth lies. It is Proctor’s conversations with Abigail however that heightens Proctor’s sense of embarrassment. In a society as restrained and suppressed as Salem it is surprising to note the free speech of Abigail. She is often blunt and persuasive to people of authority and it is a wonder that they never pick up on her allusion. It is this allusion that infuriates Proctor as only he can see through it and he is frustrated and discouraged by the power she resultantly gains. Juxtaposed with Elizabeth’s negative perception of Proctor’s sins it is visibly demonstrated that Miller is deliberately making things hard for Proctor.  It seems that Miller is ‘out to get’ Proctor just as much as Parris is and throughout the whole play Miller is constantly showing and presenting scenes and situations in a thorny complexion for Proctor that maximises every opportunity to emphasise his problems with temptation and the moral dilemma that this creates for the, as Miller would present, ‘fallen’ man.

Meursault in “The Stranger” by Albert Camus Essay

Life is wonderful, but also hard. We struggle to find the meaning in our lives, but we can not accomplish it. There are many kinds of thoughts or philosophies of life; some think that life is already determined by God or destiny when they were born, while others think that they decide what they do by themselves. In â€Å"the stranger†, Albert Camus creates Meursault as a protagonist, who does not think about anything deeply. Because of that, he can not really enjoy his life. However, finally, he thinks about his life when he faces death; he truly realized how to face to the absurd world, and thus becomes Camus’ perfect existential hero. Meursault is indifferent, and he thinks he perfectly enjoys each moment; however, the reality is he just wastes time and does not even know that. Meursault thinks that emotion is ridiculous because people are controlled by it, and regret or feeling sorry is a waste of time. Thus, even when he faces his mother’s death, he does not feel anything. He does not have interest in his mother’s death, so he does not even know when his mother died. â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know†(3). Usually, one’s mother’s death significant and people think about their lives through her death. Even though it is not his, and he knows that he can not find it, he should think about what his life means from the relationship between death and life. However, it is possible that he does not care about it too much because he can not do anything in her death, but he does not care about his marriage, too. He has a girlfriend, named Marie, and when she asked him to get married with her, he was still indifferent, â€Å"Then she pointed out that marriage was a serious thing. I said ‘No'†(42). He dos not know what is important in life. It is not because he has different sense of values but because he does not care about anything seriously. He has not had a big problem in his way, but his way to live is now problem. When he takes Arab’s life away, he does not really realize what he did. Even when he was in the police station, he does not understand what he did, thus, † c I was even going to shake his hand, but I remembered that I had killed a man†(64). He treats everything as a fact, so he does not really have an  emotion. He thinks it is the way to enjoy his life, but it makes his life more meaningless. He does not think deeply. Also, he thinks death is death, so there is no future after death. Then, he shot the Arab four times more, but he does not know what it means, â€Å"Then I fired four more times at the motionless body where the bullets lodged without leaving a trace. And it was like knocking four quick times on the door of unhappiness†(59). He does not feel good about shooting four more times, but it is not worth death at all. Taking human life is same as knocking the door of unhappiness for him; his way to live, which is without emotion makes his life horrible later, but at this time, he does not understand anything. Life without emotion is easy because an emotion does not make sense, so he can make sense with everything in his life. However, it also makes his life colorless. Because he is different from others, the society beats him; the world does not help him, so he now has to create meaning in his life by himself. When he is on trial, he testifies honestly because he always follows his heart and does what he wants; however, it does not fit the society, then people judge him from their subjective justice. @ @When he honestly testifies about why he killed Arab, people did not listen seriously, † cI blurted out that it was because of the sun. People laughed†(103). People do not understand him, and then they do not treat him as usual. They beat the stranger; there is nobody to help him. Moreover, they think they are right, so people rid from the society and make him look worse. The prosecutor does not want Meursault to live in the society, which the prosecutor lives and to have the same human heart. â€Å"He stated that I had no place in a society whose most fundamental rules I ignored and that I could not appeal to the same human heart whose elementary response I knew nothing of†(102). He denies Meursault’s human right. He should be in trouble, but in the trial, there are only people who think they are normal and right, so they are the same as him. Thus, they do not notice that the prosecutor is wrong. Their personality is horrible because there is no exception. Meursault thinks about this judgment and the â€Å"machinery of justice†(108). It is exactly correct. They follow their own common sense, and treat him as a stranger. The consequence is a death penalty. However, ironically, this situation, which makes him face death and being aware that nobody helps him, makes him  think about his life and notice that he has to find it by himself. Right before his death, he realized the meaning in life. People do not know why they are living, but they laugh at him because they think he is stupid and better than him; however, ironically, he understands his life. When he accepts the absurd world, he can create meaning of his life; there is no future, so he has to think about every single moment carefully and enjoy it. Ironically, he does not have time any more. However, he thinks, â€Å"I had been happy and that I was happy again†(123). Actually, he enjoys his life because he did not know that he has lived indifferently. His life is hard for ordinary people to understand, but for him, it totally makes sense. Moreover, he understands everything now, so he feels happiness again. Also, he feels a sense of superiority because he knows that people who look down on him do not know. There are many thought about world, and he wants to see the absurd world, and show them his way to live, â€Å"I had only to wish that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate†(123). He notices that nobody seriously cares about him, but still they come to his execution. Playing the game is ridiculous for him, but people can not live without it. Nobody really has a grudge against him, but they follow the others. Being apart from society is scary and alone, so usually people can not do that. He also feels that, so he wanted to die in the crowd. Also, he is proud of his life, so he wanted to show how he lived. Now, he really enjoys his life. The life is meaningless; he realizes it when he faces death. If people know that, they give up everything; however, for Meursault, everything makes sense. There is no clue in the world, so what he can do is creating the meaning by himself. Life is hard because nobody helps him, but he decides everything and what he does has meaning. He can enjoy his life fully, so his life is wonderful. He has to enjoy his life while he is living because there is nothing after death. There is no meaning in the world, so he creates it. Everything is to be happy.

Child Labour in India

Pradeshchildhood is the golden period of man's life. at this stage children need love and care for their growth and development. however,the tragic irony of indian society life is the employment of about 10 million children in unhealthy,hazardous and dangerous trades and industries. bare footed ,lean and thin children of tender age have to work in inhuman conditions for 10 to 15 hours a day which may include dhabas,brick kilns,small factories and cottage industries. ven small children are seen selling newspapers and other articles on the road which may be a risk to their lives. the child workers are generally ill fed and treated like bonded labourers. they are often beaten at the slightest excuse and even underpaid. in south india,thousands of children work in fire crackers and match factories. many of them get killed in accidents and fires. in uttar pradesh lakhs of children are employed in the carpet industry. in this industry,children have to work in inhuman conditions. he main re ason that compels many poor parents to send their children to work is poverty. the government admits thereal solution lies in the complete elimination of child labour.though the government has enforced many measures but these measures are effective only as long as their are facilities for the parents of such children to send them to school. it is a shame that india has the distinction of employing the largest number of children in most inhospitable and inhuman surroundings. his evil practice should be stopped by enforcing the child labour act with all strictness and punishing the defaulters. efforts of the part of general public and non gvernment organisations can help to tackle this problem. we should be aware of the problems of such deprived and exploited children in our society. we hope in the future that the children are not employed in our country and instead send to school for education,so that they can be sensible citizens.

PROJECT PLAN AND REPORT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PROJECT PLAN AND REPORT - Coursework Example It was also recommended that while planning the project, optimum utilization of resources should be done, the timeline is strictly followed and part-timers are recruited, so that the recruitment cost is reduced. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 INTRODUCTION 5 Background 5 Scope of the Project 7 Method of Collecting Information 7 Limitations 7 DEVELOPING AN ONLINE CHRISTMAS GIFT STORE 7 Project Objectives 7 Products 8 Resources Required 8 Strategy and Implementation 9 Stakeholder Analysis 10 Risk Analysis 11 Milestones 13 Conclusion 14 Recommendation 14 References 15 Appendices 16 Appendix 1 16 INTRODUCTION Background Project planning is the science and art of utilizing the historical data, personal expertise, organizational knowledge and the project scope to depict the resource expenditure, cost, and the duration of a project. It also includes the development of guidelines in order to ensure the service quality, response to unfavourable events and commencing with the inevitable changes in the plan prepared for the project. In order to arrive at the estimated duration and cost of the project, the project manager identifies the numerous physical elements and activities that are necessary to meet the objectives of the project (Rad, and Anantatmula, 2005, p. 1). On the basis of this information the project manager estimates the requirements of the resources and the time length of the project. However, the estimation of the resources is done along with their cost estimation, as it is a valuable piece of information for the project team. The estimates of the resource are reduced to the cost. This is because total cost is more important information for the client. The project manager then finally computes the costs and completes the total estimation of the report (Haugan, 2002, p. 4-5). There are many different steps or stages through which a project passes to its completion or closure. Those set of stage would be described in this study through the development o f an online Christmas gift store. Since Christmas gifts are sold before and during Christmas, so this online store opening, launching and operations can be considered a project, which would be described in detail based on the phases that would be described here. The different phases or stages in a project plan are: Defining: Before initiating the project the project manager should determine the goals of the project, ascertain the scopes, risks, budget, cost, timescale, and approach. It should also be communicated to the stakeholders of the company, and the difference in opinions should be resolved in the initial stage. Planning: Planning is very important part of any project plan. While creating the project plan, the first task that is undertaken by the project manager and his team is planning the stages and the minute details in the project. Executing: In this stage the project manager and his/her team would be executing or implementing the pre decided activities for the completion of the project on time and according to the design. Monitoring: After implementing the step wise project operations, the manager has to monitor whether the implementation has been done according to the framework designed or not. Controlling: Controlling ensures that the plans have been followed according to the stages decided and set by the project team. Closure: Once all the tasks are complete in the

Individual critical review report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Individual critical review report - Essay Example Secondly, change must not be ambiguous to the employees within the organization. For that reason, the change agents should communicate the intended change and give such people time to think it over. If change is to be adopted and effectively impact on the organization, all the affected parties must be given an opportunity to decision making. Change is a continuous process that an organization seeks to undertake. It is determined by the demands within the environment. For instance, the current economic depression has made several organizations focus on reduction of cost of operation. To achieve this, the management teams in these organizations are carrying out retrenchments. On the other hand, an organization may require all the employees to have technological skills. This is especially to enable them handle the technological advancement within the organization. Recent change currently experienced In the recent past, I have been able to appreciate the need for change within an organiz ation. In the past few months, I had volunteered myself to work in a given nongovernmental organization. It deals with the services to the community including and not limited to the response and mitigation of drug use amongst the young. As one of the volunteers, my main work was to collect and file data for future reference. However, most of the work within the organization was done manually and every individual seemed comfortable about that. With the dream of expanding the organization and ensuring efficiency, the management announced that it was going to avail new technology in the organization. All the employees were therefore expected to be ready for the new organization culture. One amazing thing is that the news was received with mixed reactions by most of the employees. There are those who felt as if the new technology was going to take away their jobs. Others like me focused on the positive aspect of the new development. I knew that with the new technological advancement, th e quality of work will improve and documents will be much safer. The main aim of the proposed change apart from efficiency was to cut down the cost of operation. The organization was experiencing an inflated cost of operation owing to the increased cost of purchasing materials. Papers and books were mostly used for keeping data. There was need for downsizing to enable the organization run effectively and sustainably. It is this thought that created tension amongst the employees. The employer had to release some of them to remain with a more manageable number of employees. However bad it sounds, it is part of organization change and therefore must be carried out. The main purpose should be to ensure that organization could sustain itself. Theories employed There are various theories of change that can be used in explaining the alterations witnessed in many organizations. However, for the purpose of the organization I was working at, two main theories of change were in use. These incl uded Lewin’s 3 state model theory of change and 8-step change model. In the first category, Lewin states that change goes through three main stages. These include the unfreezing, change and the refreezing stages (Burnes 2004, p.89). This represents exactly what was happening in the organization where I was working. The first state according to this theory is to alter the culture that people have been used at. This is the

Drag racing in Terre Haute Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drag racing in Terre Haute - Assignment Example Nonetheless, I felt that we should have done more research before going to participate in the sport but we were too keyed up to be bothered. I hardly slept Thursday night as I anticipated the next day’s turn of events. Come Friday night and we were all geared up with our own street cars to take part in the race. Our excitement was however dialed down when we had to read the rules concerning the race. Any slight error could lead to disqualification. It was here where I learnt that drag racing was a type of motor vehicle racing where vehicles usually compete in sets of twos to cross a finish line that was set. The race followed a straight course that was short over a distance that was measured. Some of my friends were a bit disappointed with this information since they had hoped it would be a race like that of the world’s greatest drag race which involved more than ten vehicles at a time. Some even opted to be spectators in lieu of actual racing. I learnt that before a race began, each driver was given the permission to perform what was known as a burn out. This allowed the tires to heat in order to put down the tire’s rubber at the start of the track which helps improve traction. Both drivers then lined up at the starting point. I also learnt that the races were all started using an electronic system known as a Christmas tree. It consisted of six light columns for each driver. Three were amber, one blue, one green and a red one. They were all connected to beams of light on the race track. There was the blue light which was split into two halves. A vehicle’s front tires were what would break the light beam and would light up the blue light’s first half, staging the vehicle at the starting point which would then light up the blue light’s second half. Once there was this staged beam from the first competitor, the Christmas tree was automatically activated. The opponent then had less

Female circumssion in Africa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Female circumssion in Africa - Assignment Example Female circumcision, female genital mutilation (FGM), and female genital cutting (FGC) all define the cultural practice of totally or partially removing the external female genitals or genitalia (Bacquet-Walsh, Jordan and Moneti par. 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) (par. 1) describes female genital mutilation (FGM) as all methods that entail the total or partial removal of the female external genitalia, or other form of injury to the female organs for reasons that are non-medical. The least form of FGC is the removal of the clitoris. The removal of the whole external genitalia is the most severe type of FGC; the vaginal opening of the victim is nearly closed. A small opening is left for menstrual blood and urine (Bacquet-Walsh, Jordan and Moneti par. 1). Althaus (130) states that female circumcision has been practiced for a long time in parts of Africa and it is considered as an element of rite passage in preparation for the young girls’ marriage and womanhood. The procedure is usually performed in the absence of an anesthetic and/or under septic environments by individuals (practitioners) with little or no knowledge of medicine or human anatomy. In other words, the practice is usually performed by traditional circumcisers who play a significant role in the community like attending childbirths. However, the trend is changing and it is being performed by health care providers (WHO par. 2). Medical professionals also perform the practice for a fee. Among the population, FGM/FGC can be carried out by male barbers, herbalists, a female relative, members of the secret society, and traditional health practitioners (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] par. 8). FGM or female circumcision is recognized globally as the violation of girls’ and women’s human rights. It expresses the deep-rooted inequality between the sexes and entails an extreme type of discrimination against the women. It is normally carried out on small girls and it is a

Some little questions of political social scnence Assignment

Some little questions of political social scnence - Assignment Example If there is inequality between the identical workers, this means that those working in unions are more skilled which increases inequality because these workers are more knowledgeable than the non-union workers. The strong relationship between unions and inequality attracts great interests and analysts struggles to illustrate increase in labor inequality in most industrialized countries. This has been a great challenge in countries that experiences high levels of geographical mobility, with rate of competitive labor markets. Mobility is measured in terms of income earned and the rate of employment. When the low income earners search for new employment opportunities, this increases the level of labor mobility, and on the other hand, when the unemployment rate is high, this increases geographical mobility. Externalities are common aspects in almost every field of economic activity. They are referred as third party effects emanating from the manufacturing of goods and services without any suitable compensation considered. When there is negative production, the marginal social cost exceeds the private marginal cost as illustrated by the diagram below. In other aspects, externalities may result to market failure. In illustrating this, we assume that if a manufacturer is only interested in maximizing profits, then they only account for private costs and private benefits that arise from the product supplies. The diagram below illustrates that the level of profit maximization is at Q1. On the other hand, the social optimum output level is at Q2. Unionization causes a significant change in the market besides its great influence on remunerations and employment. Labor unions prohibit employers from negotiating with employees that are unionized. Registered Unions act as collective bargaining representatives for employees. However, these trade unions may cause labour market failure, since they aim at enhancing the wage rates for the workers.

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example In fact risk taking is directly linked to larger amount of earnings. In order to lure investors, risky investments must offer greater returns. Actually risk and returns go hand in hand. It is the belief of investors to distribute their risks and so they diversify their investments as well. They always like to make their investments in a portfolio of assets as they never like to stack all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters is not the risk and returns alone, but the risk and return on a portfolio of assets on the whole. According to James Bradfield (2007, p167) an assortment of securities is known as a portfolio. Portfolio theory is a conventional scrutiny of the relationship between risk and return on the risky securities. The rate of returns is particularly measured through alpha, beta, and R-squared. A random variant denotes the rate of return from a portfolio. The computation of the probability distribution generating the returns rate of the security contained in the portfolio depends on the probability distribution creating the value for the portfolio. The hypothesis is helpful for a patron. It helps them to decide and allocate their funds in risky securities thus creating a portfolio. This investment indicates the preferences with regard to the combination of risk and anticipated returns of the investors. The CAPM is a link between the risks and returns on the investments. After (Sharpe, William F.1964, pp. 425-442) developed the CAPM theory several other researchers have developed the theory with giving importance to the diversifiable and non-diversifiable risks of different investments. Previously the CAPM had only a single risk factor which was the risk of the entire movement of the market. This risk is denoted as "market risk" and the formula for CAPM is as follows: E (Ri) = Rf +i [E (RM) - Rf] Where E (RM) = expected return on a "market portfolio" i = measure of methodical risk of asset i comparative to "market portfolio". "The expected return for an asset i according to CAPM is equal risk free rate plus a risk premium" (Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz, 2002, p.67). Later on research was conducted and the creators of CAPM theory related diversifiable which are unsystematic risks and non-diversifiable which are systematic risks for all the securities in the portfolio. Some management individuals conceived that CAPM is not genuine as it dominates participating management and investment study. Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz states "even though the idea is not true it does not mean that the constructs introduced by the theory are not important. Constructs introduc

Personal reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal reflection - Assignment Example I believe that this form of conceptual learning is not only essential for personal development but is also an area of interest. Personal reflection in general context highlights the overall experience of an individual while working with a group. There are small experiences gathered by an individual in this journey that helps one to restructure their set of values or attitudes. The essay has been divided into four sections which are closely related to one another. Firstly group formation or development will be outlined followed by an approach of conflict management. This particular essay shall encompass importance of leadership role and probable consequences in its absence within a group. The next section of this essay will outline the learning outcomes of this assignment and ways in which it could be implemented in real life scenario. Final section of this essay consists of two main parts such as identifying effects that a conflict can have on an organization and most suitable leader ship approach for handling such conflicts. Conclusion of the essay will include summary remarks of the entire personal experience. While discussing on various aspects of group formation I have used many sources such as consulting my colleagues, going through notes in my diary and even thinking on my personal reflections. I have not highlighted specifically my sources of data and have followed a narrative approach so as to ensure that readers can relate closely with reality. The model portrayed by Tuckman in context of group development briefly outlines four important stages. I shall describe my personal experience which has a strong correlation with the four stages of group development. The model has been elaborated further in figure1. As per figure1, forming stage can be described as one during which bond is established amongst team members. Team members tend to be highly dependent on

The Pain The Mockingbirds Endure In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

The Pain The Mockingbirds Endure In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay The pain the mockingbirds endure in To Kill a Mockingbird is quite sensational in that we pull a strong reaction through the readers eyes. Mockingbirds in this novel have quite the figurative meaning, as well as a very literal one. I will take you through both, as we explore the main character Scout, and the four lessons she learns, and attains throughout To Kill a Mockingbird. These very useful, and challenging lessons are: Put yourself in others shoes, dont kill mockingbirds, keep fighting even if you know youll loose, and the world is very unfair. Atticus (Scouts father) is the one who teaches his daughter these lessons, and although the lessons took much time to learn and be fully appreciated, Scout sees the world in a whole new way because of them. In a way I guess we could say, she was blind, but now can see. First, Id like to analyze the first lesson that Scout was taught- put yourself in others shoes. Now to fully examine this lesson, we must jump back in forth in this book, since this is the longest lesson Scout takes to determine. This lesson is centered around Scouts relationship with Arthur Radley, aka Boo. Boo is one of Scouts neighbors, however she has never seen him. There have always been many rumors circulating around Maycomb county about Boo, which I assume started when he was an adolescent. In his youth years Boo had gotten in trouble with the law numerous times. His father didnt want his child staying anywhere else but home, so when his father passed, Boo was left in the house with his brother. Since Boo was very reclusive, it was easy to target him as the weird, creepy man across the street. Scout, and her brother Jem find much interest and curiosity in Boo. They like to sneak around the house, and try to lure Boo to come out. Atticus scolds Scout that she should stop messing with the poor man, but Scout cannot help herself. Through the story, we see Boo do nothing but kind things toward the Finch children. Although it takes Scout much time to realize the good he has done for her, she sees that she was so quick to judge and believe the rumors that everyone else had told. She never thought to think how Boo felt about the whole situation. At the end of the novel when Boo practically saves the lives of both Jem and Scout, we start to come to terms with the selflessness Arthur Radley had put forth toward the children. Secondly, the next lesson that Scout learns is to not kill mockingbirds. Now this is so vague because of both the figurative and literal means it plays in the book. In my interpretation I see the two most true mockingbirds are Boo, and Tom Robinson. You see, the rule in society is not to kill a mockingbird because all they do is make pretty music, and they never do any harm. We see this shine through in both Boo, and Tom. Boo is isolated in the community of Maycomb because everyone wants to believe easy lies over the hard truth. Boo doesnt like to be noticed, as we see through the novel, and thats why it is easy to target him. Now later on we see that Boo is of course not who the whole town makes him out to be, and thats why he is a mockingbird. Now onto Tom Robinson. Tom is probably the most emotional, heart-wrenching character in TKMB. He is a black man accused of raping a white women. Tom is innocent, and was proven so. However since he is a black man, the color of his skin had already set a prerequisite to the trials outcome. He was accused of the crime and said to be guilty. Tom was later killed, and we truly see in a million and one ways that killing a mockingbird is just as bad as ending an innocent mans life just because the color of his skin. Furthermore, this brings me onto the next lesson: Keep fighting even if you know youll loose. Atticus teaches this extremely important lesson to Scout in Tom Robinsons trial. Although we see that all the facts point to Tom being innocent, his skin color has already determined the outcome of the verdict. Atticus has one of the biggest hearts in this novel, and a very open-mind. He hopes that the justice system will have a change of heart, and that is why no matter how stacked the odds were against Tom, and how much the community turned their backs on Atticus, he treated his case with Tom just as fair and equal as any other. Even when the jury declared Tom as a guilty man, Atticus went straight to work on finding a possible solution to freeing this man. Scout seems to not understand why Tom was declared guilty at first, but soon she realizeswhich brings us to the fourth lesson. The last lesson Scout learns is that the world is unfair. Not everything will turn out the way you want, even if you do everything right, or put your life at risk. Most outcomes are never what we can predict, and the earlier we learn this lesson, the better. Scout sees that Tom Robinson was said to be guilty simply because he was black. Id say this lesson was the most difficult for Scout to understand because it doesnt make much sense, and possibly never will. The world is cruel, and unfair. Tom was a dead man, and he had never done anything even close to hurting someone, much less raping a woman. We are so closed minded in the way we see the world. One quick look at something and weve made up our mind on whether or not its worth it. The world will chew you up and spit you back out even if you are a saint. There is no explanation to why bad things happen to good people, but Scout understands that these things do happen. With this she learns not to take life for granted, and matures in a way that only Harper Lee can explain. In conclusion, TKMB has such a historical, geographical, cultural, and social impact on any reader. We see that the time frame of the book is during the great depression, and how we viewed the world in such a limited way back then. Today we are so much more advanced, and civil towards all kinds of cultural groups. There is no escaping the disease of racism, but as a world we have come a long way since the 1930s. Also, we see how killing a mockingbird has such an influential effect on the making and shaping of this novel, but also the lesson a reader can take away with them after reading the book. Why would you want to end such a beautiful thing when there is so much evil else where in the world? Maybe, because the world is very unfair.

Rising Tuition Essay Example for Free

Rising Tuition Essay Most people have heard an elder complain about rising prices saying, â€Å"When I was your age I could go to the store with a quarter and buy a bag of chips, a few pieces of candy, some cookies, a drink and still have change left over.† Although the prices from decades ago are ideal, the concept of inflation and the decrease in the value of money have been accepted. Inflation affects the price of everything like milk, clothing, medical care, gas, and especially college tuition. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, college tuition prices have increased at the highest rate compared to any consumer item, medical care, or even gas. In fact, college tuition and fees, as of 2012, are 600% of the tuition and fees in 1985 (Rampell 4). This statistic poses the question of why the cost to obtain higher education is steadily rising. A simple explanation can be found in the key economic principle that demand drives prices up, but the issue goes much deeper than that. The structure of the financial aid system, additional accommodations offered by colleges, and most of all the decrease in government funding toward higher education are the causes directly correlated to the continuous rise in tuition. Firstly, the structure of the financial aid system is a contributing factor to the steady increase in college tuition. Dr. Joshua Robinson, an economics professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, explained that it is often argued that the increase in federal aid simply leads colleges to raise their tuition costs to reflect the financial aid in hopes that it will buffer the increase. This idea represents the Bennett Hypothesis, which was created by U.S. Secretary of Education, William J. Bennett (Robinson). There is much argument over this hypothesis, but there have been many credible findings that support this idea. Title IV deals with the federal student aid programs. According to an article by Judith Scott-Clayton, similar programs offered by non-Title IV â€Å"cost about 75 percent more when offered at Title IV institutions – with the difference in tuition roughly approximating the size of a Pell Grant (Scott-Clayton 8).† In addition, the amount of financi al aid given out to undergraduate students on a national level has sharply  increased over eight billion dollars since 2007, which means that more students are attending college and needing financial aid (Schworm 3). Referring back to the same information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it is especially interesting to note that from the year 2007, when financial aid increased, to present day the percentage increase in college tuition became exponentially higher than the rest of the increasing percentages (Rampell 4). This proves that the federal aid system has a significant connection to the increasing tuition rates. Another way that the structure of the financial aid system contributes to the rise in tuition is through the scholarships that colleges give out. In the academic article entitled â€Å"Why Tuition Costs are Rising So Quickly,† Robert Martin explains how the scholarships that colleges offer are a factor in the rising tuition crisis. He shares that when colleges offer scholarships they are really price discounts, so â€Å"the education and general expenses are overstated by the amount equal to scholarships.† Martin also shares that for colleges to ensure that their f unds balance out, they â€Å"record tuition revenue as if every student paid the posted price for tuition (Martin 93).† In other words, the amount of revenue that a college lacks once all tuition is paid is equal to the amount in scholarships given. As a result, the tuition goes up for the non- scholarship students as a whole to make up for the amount dispersed in scholarships. With this occurring at colleges all across the nation it is clear to see how financial aid is a causal factor in the increase in tuition. The rise in college tuition is also affected by the additional accommodations that these institutions have found to be â€Å"necessary† benefits. Just as the world evolves, institutions of higher learning evolve in the same way. This means colleges have become much more dynamic as far as the things they offer to their students and employees. For instance, many institutions have invested in having emergency alert systems. Most colleges did not have this feature many decades ago, so implementing this requires additional funding, which can explain a portion of the increasing tuition cost. For example, public universities spend 23% more on offering services like counseling compared to what they were spending in 1995 (Clark 6). This additional focus on accommodating the student is partly stemming from the rise in tuition, which means that colleges are trying to satisfy their consumer by bettering their services to sustain or increase  demand. Though the previous reasons are factors of the rising tuition, the primary factor of the continuous increase is due to the decrease in government funding toward higher education. Ronald Ehrenberg, the director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute and a trustee of the State University of New York System, explains that â€Å"If you’re a state legislator, you look at all your state’s programs and you say, ‘Well, we can’t make prisoners pay, but we can make college students pay (Rampell 10).’† This particular reasoning clarifies the thought process that led to the decrease in funding colleges receive from the government. The basis of the issue stems from the fact that these institutions of higher learning now have to come out of pocket on expenses that the government used to fund. In 2006, â€Å"the per-student subsidy state taxpayers sent colleges† was $1,270 less than the amount sent in 2002 (Clark 4). That is a significant decrease in funding that colleges had to find a way to make up for, which resulted in raising the tuition cost. When interviewing Dr. Robinson, he also explained that at one point professors salaries were paid completely by taxes, but because of cutbacks in government expenses tuition must cover their salaries now. If there was not a decrease in government funding for higher education, colleges would not have to raise tuition to offset financial aid or the implementation of accommodations, which is why it is regarded as the primary reason for the rising tuition. Inflation is a very relevant concept in today’s society because prices of all types are rising. As previously stated, college tuition costs are increasing at the highest rate compared to any consumer item, gas, and medical care. This is quite ironic because most people equate obtaining a college degree to financial stability. Even so, the explanation for this steady increase in tuition is a very popular topic. On a very simple scale the rise in tuition can be explained by the basic economic principle that explains demand increases prices. However, the explanation goes much deeper than this economic principle to include the structure of the financial aid system, additional accommodations offered by colleges, and most of all the decrease in government funding toward higher education. Nothing in life ever truly comes free, which shows to be true when observing how the structure of the financial aid system contributes to the rise in tuition. The same  concept proves to be true as colleges provide additional accommodations or benefits for their students and employees, but these too come at a cost. Even so, there is a large amount of money no longer available to these institutions of higher learning due to the lack of government funding. In order for these institutions to sustain, the money must come from somewhere, which results in the increase in tuition and fees for the students. It is important to understand these causes of the rising college tuition because this is the only way a solution will be reached. Works Cited Clark, Kim. â€Å"The Surprising Causes of Those College Tuition Hikes.† Usnews.com. U.S.News World Report, 15 Jan. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Scott-Clayton, Judith. â€Å"The Hidden Majority of For-Profit Colleges.† New York Times. New York Times, 24 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 March 2013. Martin, Robert. â€Å"Why Tuition Costs Are Rising So Quickly.† Challenge 45.4 (2002):88- 108. Jstor. Web. 1 March 2013. Rampell, Catherine. â€Å"Why Tuition Has Skyrocketed at State Schools.† New York Times. New York Times, 2 March 2012. Web. 3 March 2013. Robinson, Joshua. Personal interview. 4 Feb. 2013. Schworm, Peter. â€Å"Colleges Boosting Financial Aid to Students.† Boston.com. The Boston Globe, 17 August 2012. Web. 5 March 2013.